APEC 반부패 역량강화 심포지움

참석 결과 보고서

(2008.6.23～6.26)

2008. 6.

1. 출장 개요

□  회의 명 및 주제

□ International Symposium “Anti-corruption & Administrative Reform"

□ 기간ㆍ장소

□ ’07.6.25(수)~6.26(목), 베트남 하노이 Horison Hotel

□ 참석자(출장자)

□ APEC 반부패 투명성 T/F 21개 회원국 대표단과 반부패 국제기구 전문가 포함 약 100여명

□ 한국 대표단

- 국민권익위원회 상임위원 홍현선

- 국민권익위원회 부패방지부 행동강령과 오세창

□ 회의 주최

□ 베트남 감찰부(Inspector General of Vietnam)

□ 행사의 구성

□ 환영리셉션(6.24)

□ 심포지움(6.25~26)

- 총 5개 세션(session)

□ APEC FPTC(의장 지원국) 미팅(6.25)

※ 회의는 영어로 진행(베트남어 동시 통역)

2. 회의 편성

일자	시간	구분	프 로 그 램
6.25 (수)	09:00-09:30 09:30-09:45 09:45-10:00 10:00-10:15 10:15-10:30 10:30-12:00 12:00~14:00 14:00~15:30 15:30~15:45 15:45~17:00	전체회의	방문단 등록 * 위원회 대표단은 전날(오후) 등록 완료 개회식(환영사, 베트남 감찰부) 사진촬영 티 타임 베트남 감찰부 소개 제1세션: 효과적 반부패 정책을 위한 행정개혁 점심식사 ※의장지원국 회의 (FOTC Meeting) 제1세션(계속) 제2세션: 행정개혁 과정에서의 감찰 및 반부패 기관의 역할(홍현선 상임위원 발표) 티 타임 제2세션(계속)
6.26 (목)	09:00-10:30 10:30-10:45 10:45-12:00 12:00~14:00 14:00~15:15 15:15~15:30 15:30~17:00 17:00~17:15	전체회의	제3세션: 효과적 부패 방지를 위한 행정 절차의 개혁 티 타임 제3세션(계속) 제4세션: 효과적 반부패를 위한 공공 재정의 개혁 점심식사 제4세션(계속) 티 타임 제5세션: 반부패 목표를 위한 행정개혁과 민간 영역 결과 정리 및 폐회식

3. 출장 일정

일자

출발지

도착지

업무수행 내용

접촉인물

비  고

6.23(월)

인천

하노이

출국

인천 출발(20:40)

비엔나 도착(23:10)

6.24(화)

회의 참석 정식 등록 및   환영 만찬 참석

APEC 사무국 관계자, APEC 반부패 투명성 T/F 회원국 및 반부패 관련 국제기구 대표단 등

6.25(수)

APEC 반부패 역량강화    심포지움 참석

ㅇ 심포지움 주제

반부패와 행정개혁

“Anti-Corruption and Administrative Reform”

ㅇ 전체회의(총 5개 세션)

- 제1세션

- 제2세션*

* 상임위원 발표 주제:

행정개혁촉진을 위한 부패방지기구의 역할

6.26(목)

* 전체회의(계속)

- 제3·4·5세션

6.27(금)

하노이

인천

하노이

출발(00:40)

인천 도착(07:00)

4. 심포지움 주요 내용

□ 제1세션

□ 주제 : 효과적 반부패를 위한 행정개혁

□ 주요 발표자 및 내용

- Tin Yeow Cheng(Head Investigation, CPIB)

․ 강력한 법률 체계, 엄격한 법 집행, 법원의 효과적 사법권 내지 처벌권, 정부행정의 효율성 등 4개의 반부패 기둥을 설정하여 강력한 정치적 의지로 조화시켰고, 성과주의 예산 등을 도입하였으며, 장기적 국가 기술 계획 및 행정 서비스를 통한 대규모 행정 개혁을 채택했던 싱가포르 사례를 소개(예 : Public Service for 21st Century)

․ PS 21은 1995년 도입된 시책으로 예측가능하고 국민 기호를 지향하며 실제적 변화에 기반을 둔 시책으로 관료능력 지속적 배양, 고용중시, 서비스 중시 등을 3요소로 기업가 정신 및 학습을 통한 역량배양 강조

․ 또한, 우리의 조달청의 나라장터와 유사한 Gebiz 등 공개성 및 평가성을 중시하는 시스템과 no ‘Wrong Door’ 이라는 처음 민원을 받은 기관이 향후 전체 행정을 처리하는 제도 등을 소개

․ 이 밖에 전문상담제, 4단계의 공공참여 보장제(묘사, 설명, 상담, 연결), 비전의 강화, 관료화의 축소(More Vision Less Bureaucracy(MVLB)), Zero in Process(ZIP : 비효율성 감축 지향), POWER(Public Officers Working to Eliminate Red-tape : 문서주의 감축관) 등 소개

- Le Van Lan(Deputy Director, 베트남중앙개혁위원회)

․ 반부패 입법추진 등 베트남 반부패 업무관련 최근 이슈를 소개: 반부패 사업의 효율성 증진을 위한 행정개혁의 가속화에 대한 성과 및 제언 등

․ 아직도 심각한 베트남 부패 문제를 언급

- Jairo Acua-Alfaro(Policy Advisor, UNDP, Ha Noi)

․ “한계를 극복할 것인가, 그 원천을 이해할 것인가”라는 주제로 행정, 시민사회, 기업영역 등 3개 주체에 의한 Governance 기틀 마련과 반부패 정책의 이행에 있어서의 청렴성, 투명성, 책임성 등을 확보 강조

․ 부패를 Petty Corruption, Grand Corruption, State Capture 등 3단계로 구분

․ 정부의 효율성과 부패통제간의 관계에 대하여 상호 비례함을 소개하고, 홍콩, 뉴사우스웨일즈, 멕시코 등의 사례 소개

- Nguyen Ho Bnh(Deputy Director General, Dept for Public Administration Reform, 내무부)

․ 행정개혁의 사회경제 성공에의 긍정적 기여 등 소개

□ 제2세션

□ 주제 : 행정개혁 가속화 과정상의 감찰 및 반부패 기관의 역할

□ 주요 발표자 및 내용

- 홍현선 상임위원(국민권익위원회)

․ 주제 : 행정개혁을 위한 부패방지기구의 역할

(발표 자료 별첨)

- Mr. Dato Abu Kassim Mohamed(Deputy Director General of ACA Malaysia)

․ 공공영역에서 인적자원과 연계된 행정개혁 필요성을 강조하면서, 정책 결정 시스템의 효율성과 응답성의 중요성을 언급하고, 전자정부 도입, 행정규칙, 구조 개선 등 관련 정부 체제의 개편과 행정관리상 세입 및 세출 개혁을 제언

- Mr. Dinh Van Minh(Deputy Director of Inspection Research Institute, GI, Vietnam)

- Mr. Ramiro Del Carpio(National Anti-corruption Office, 페루)

□ 제3세션

□ 주제 : 효과적 부패 방지를 위한 행정 절차의 개혁

□ 주요 발표자 및 내용

- Ngo Hai Phan(Deputy Head of the Prime Minister's Working Group on Administrative Procedure Reform, Viet)

․ 반부패를 위한 효과적 행정 절차의 개혁

- Jun Lung Chow Carmel(Group Head, Corruption Prevention Department Of ICAC, HongKong)

․ 효과적 부패 예방을 위한 행정개혁과 홍콩의 경험

- Kong Xiangren(Deputy Director General, 중국 감찰부)

․ 중국의 행정 개혁 전망

□ 제4세션

□ 주제 : 효과적 반부패를 위한 공공 재정의 개혁

□ 주요 발표자 및 내용

- Dang Ngoc Tuyen(Vice Chief Inspector, 베트남 재정부)

․ 부패와의 전쟁 및 에방을 위한 공공 재정의 개혁

- Jennifer Thompson(Public Management Ho Chi Min National Academy)

․ 부패 문제와 관련, PEFA(Public expenditure and Accountability) 개념 소개

- Roni(Director of Monitoring 인니 부방위)

․ 효과적 반부패를 위한 인니의 공공재정 개혁 소개

□ 제5세션

□ 주제 : 반부패 목표를 위한 행정개혁과 민간 영역

□ 주요 발표자 및 내용

- Michael C Ahrens(Executive Director, TI Australia)

․ 반부패를 위한 행정개혁과 사적 영역

- Andrew Boname(RACA, ABA Rule of Law Initiative, Asia)

․ 행정 부패 감축을 지원하는 기업에 대한 지원

- Molly Lien(주베트남스웨덴대사관)

․ 공공 및 민간 영역에서의 책임성과 투명성에 대한 스웨덴의 경험을 소개

- Ha Huy Cuong(Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI)

․ 베트남에서의 규제환경 개선

5. 대표단(상임위원) 발표내용

주제: 「행정개혁을 위한 부패방지기구의 역할」

□ 행정개혁과 반부패시책의 관계

□ 행정개혁의 핵심이념인 합법성, 민주성, 투명성 등은 부패문제 해결을 위한 접근방법을 통해서 이루어지므로 행정개혁과 부패방지는 상호 긴밀한 연계성을 가지고 추진 필요.

- 특히, 정부 주도형 개발전략을 채택한 개도국의 경우 부패의 원인이 구조적, 제도적 요인에 기인하므로 이 문제의 해결을 위한 반부패시책은 국가차원의 행정개혁 방향과 연계가 필수적임

- 이를 위해서는 행정개혁과 반부패시책을 함께 논의하고 추진할 수 있는 시스템 구축이 필요

□ 국가발전을 위한 행정개혁과 반부패시책은 행정 환경과 내부 여건에 따라 달라지기 때문에 발전단계에 따른 시책 추진 필요

□  한국의 행정개혁과 반부패시책

<제1기: 개발연대(1964~1992)>

□ 정부 주도형 경제개발 정책의 시행

- 경제개발 기구를 중심으로 종합적이고 체계적인 개발시책의 추진

- 빠른 경제성장의 부산물로서 부패 취약한 행정규제 및 정경유착 구조 발생

□ 검찰과 감사원, 사회정화위원회 등 특별 사정기관을 중심으로 적발 처벌 위주의 반부패시책 추진

<제2기: 민주화, 개방화 시대(1992~2007)>

□ 민주화와 개방화 시대에 부응하는 행정개혁 추진

- 지방자치 제도 실시(‘95), 불합리한 행정제도의 쇄신, 행정절차법, 행정정보법 제정, 행정규제 기본법 제정

□ 기본적인 부패방지 제도 도입

- 금융실명제도의 도입, 공직선거 및 선거부정 방지법 제정, 공직자 재산등록제도 시행

<제3기: 행정시스템의 선진화(1998~2007)>

□ 효율적인 정부/ 지방분권화의 추진

- 정부구조 개혁, 투명한 행정 운영시스템 구현, 공직윤리의 향상 시책 추진

- 지방분권 강화를 위한 행정권한의 지방 이양 추진

□ 반부패기구의 설립 및 시스템적 반부패 시책의 추진

- 부패방지법 제정 및 부패방지위원회 설치

- 자금세탁 관련법 제정 및 금융정보기구 설치

- 반부패관계기관협의회 구성 운영, 반부패 운영계획 수립 시행

□ 행정개혁과 반부패시책의 연계 추진체계

□ 반부패관계기관 협의회 구성 운영

□ 제도개선 권고제도의 시행

□ 부패영향평가제도의 시행

□ 청렴도 측정 시스템

□ 이명박 정부의 행정개혁과 반부패시책

□ 작지만 효율적인 정부 구현 추진

- 정부부처 규모의 축소(18부, 4처→13부 2처)

- 부처간 유사기능의 통합

□ 국민의 불만 처리와 부패방지 기능을 통합한 기관으로서 국민권익위원회의 출범

- 국민의 행정 불만의 원스톱 서비스 처리체제 구축

- 국민불만 유발/ 부패유발적 법령 및 행정제도를 효과적으로 해소할 수 있는 선진화된 시스템의 구축

6. 기타 대표단 활동 내용

□ APEC FOTC (의장지원국 ) 회의

□ 일시: 6.25. 13:00~13:50

□ 장소: Horison Hotel

□ 주관: Luis Romero ACT 사무국 디렉터

□ 참석: 한국, 미국, 페루, 싱가폴 대표 등

□ 회의내용

- 페루정부가 주관하는 Asset Recovery 웍샵은 8.12~14 ACT 회의 앞서 개최키로 함

- ACT TOR (운영지침) 개정에서 논의 할 사항에 ACT 위원장의 임기관련 사항을 포함키로 함

- ACT의 3개년 활동사항에 대한 평가를 다음회의에서 논의키로 함

□「위원회 영문 홍보 자료」배포 및 홍보

□ 대표단은 21개 회원국 및 UNDP Vietnam, 월드뱅크, TI(국제투명성기구) 등 국제기구 반부패 프로그램 관계자들을 대상으로 우리 정부의 반부패 시책 추진현황과 주요 성과 등을 적극 홍보하면서 반부패 관련 인식 제고에 노력

- 특히, 최근 중앙정부조직 개편에 따른 국민권익위원회의 출범이 한국의 반부패 시책이 후퇴하고 있는 것 아닌가 하는 우려를 다시금 불식시키면서, 국민의 불만과 부패유발 요인이 되는 법령 및 제도의 개선에 있어서 정부 내 유사 기능 통합과 국민입장에서 필요한 원스톱 행정 서비스 제공 등 행정개선과 부패방지 기능을 연계시키는 조직개편이라는 점에 초점을 맞추어 설명

- 또한, 우리 위원회가 추진 중인「개도국 지원사업」추진 상황을 참석 회원국 대표단들에게 설명하고, 우리나라의 반부패 시스템 구축 및 제도개선 등이 개도국의 반부패 정책 수립 및 집행에 활용되고 있다는 사실을 강조

7. 평 가

□ APEC역내 개도국들은 공통적으로 민주화에 따른 국민적 요구 증대와 글로벌 환경에 따른 개방추세에 대처하기 위하여 국가경쟁력을 배양하기 위한 행정개혁과 청렴성 제고의 필요성이 증대하고 있음

- 이 두 가지 필요를 상호 조화시키면서 효과적으로 추진할 수 있는 전략개발 필요

□ 한국 대표단은 정부주도형 개발과정에서 파생되는 부패 취약 구조를 효과적으로 해소하기 위한 전략을 발전단계에 따라 적발 처벌, 기본적 반부패 장치의 도입, 국가 반부패시스템의 구축 운영, 시스템 고도화를 위한 행정개선과 부패방지 전략의 융합과정으로 특성화하여 제시함으로써 관심을 유발

□ 아울러, 이번 발제를 통하여 그간 국민권익위원회의 발족을 정부의 부패방지 의지 후퇴로 인식하는 일부의 견해를 불식시키는 계기가 되었다고 봄

<참고사항>

국제사회의 반부패 동향 관련 사항

□ 국제사회의 반부패 동향

□ 오늘날 글로벌 경제 환경이 심화 확산되면서 OECD를 비롯, APEC, UN, IBRD 등 주요 국제기구들이 앞을 다투어 반부패, 윤리경영 이슈를 국제규범화 하고 있음

- OECD 뇌물방지 협약은 1~2단계(자국 이행체계 구축 및 이행실적 실사 확인)을 거쳐 09년 3단계(협약위반시 제재)이행 관리체제 돌입

- APEC은 05년 산하에 ACT(Anti-corruption Taskforce)를 설치하고 반부패 능력배양, UN반부패 협약의 가입/이행, 반부패 기술 정보 교류를 핵심사업으로 추진 중

- UNCAC(UN반부패협약)은 공공부문, 민간부문, 시민사회, 및 부패범죄의 국제협력(형사/사법공조, 자산 회복 등)을 포괄하는 광범한 협약으로서 08년 7월 현재 140여개국이 비준

□ 세계 경제환경의 변화에 발맞추어 영향력이 큰 국제 평가기구들(TI, IMD, WEF, PERC, GI, WB 등)이 매년 국가경쟁력, 기업환경 등을 평가하면서 부패와 윤리경영을 중요한 요소로 다루고 있음

□ 그간 우리정부의 반부패 국제협력 노력

□ 정부는 ‘ 98년 OECD뇌물방지협약의 국내이행 입법 이후

협약준수에 노력

- 06년에는 뉴질랜드 심사의 주 심사국으로 활동

□ 05년 APEC의 ACT(반부패특별작업반) 창설을 주도하였으며, 06년 베트남 회의 이후 FOTC(의장지원국)으로서 작업반 운영에 적극 참여할 뿐만 아니라, 우리의 주요 반부패시책을 활발하게 홍보

□ ‘02.11 ACA(아시아지역 반부패기관장 회의)를 창설, ’07년 사무국 기능 수행

□ UN반부패협약의 비준과 국내이행을 위하여 06년 국가청렴위 주도로 외교부, 법무부등 관계기관과 함께 [반부패국제규범 분석 작업단]을 구성, 07년 협약 이행을 위한 입법을 거쳐 08년 2월 협약비준

□ 대 개도국 반부패협력을 위하여 ‘06.12 인도네시아와 반부패기술지원 MOU를 체결 및 ’07.3 UNDP와 협약을 체결하고 부탄, 방그라데시 등 개도국 반부패 기술지원 사업을 진행 중

□ 한국의 부패상황에 대한 국제사회의 평가

□ 한국에 대한 국제사회의 평가는 대체적으로 두 가지 측면에서 이루어지고 있는 것으로 보임

- 국제평가기구의 평가에 의하면 우리나라는 과거 압축성장 과정의 구조적 문제점이 아직 불식되지 않은 상황에서 규제가 많고, 기업회계의 불투명, 정경(관경)유착 관행 잔존, 정부계약/정책의 투명성 등이 문제점으로 지적되고 있음

- 반면, 반부패 시책과 노력의 측면에서는 짧은 기간에 경제발전과 민주화를 이루었으며, 부패문제 해결에 있어서도 국가차원에서 많은 노력(모범적인 반부패 프로그램을 운용)을 기울이고 있어, 개도국과 선진국을 연결시킬 수 있는 위치로 인식되고 있음

□ 향후 대응방향

□ 우리나라는 국민경제의 대외무역의존도가 70%를 상회하는 국가로서 국제기구와의 협력과 국제평가 기구의 평가결과가 국익에 미치는 영향이 지대하므로 이러한 국제적 흐름을 정확히 파악하고, 효과적으로 대응할 필요가 있음

※우리나라의 ODA(대외원조자금) 규모는 07년 6,741억원이나 ‘08년 8,830억원, 2010년에는 11,218억원으로 대폭 확대 계획

□ 글로벌화가 날로 심화되는 상황에서 반부패→ 윤리경영→ 사회적 책임(Social Responsibility)으로 부패이슈가 확장되는 추세에 맞추어 협력의 대응방향이 설정되어야 함

□ 국제사회의 반부패 협력은 크게 볼 때 두 가지 흐름으로 대별할 수 있음

- 먼저, 개도국의 경우 정부의 경쟁력 확보를 위한 행정개혁과 부패방지를 효과적, 실제적으로 이룩할 수 있는 전략개발과 이를 수행할 수 있는 능력배양(capacity building)에 관심을 보이고 있으며

- 미국 등 선진권의 경우  부패사범의 조치를 위한 사법 공조(mutual legal assistance), 범죄인 인도(extradition), 범죄수익 환수( asset recovery) 등 반부패 국제협력 분야에 깊은 관심을 나타내고 있음

⇒ 따라서 우리가 취해야 할 반부패 국제협력의 내용에 있어서는

- 형사 사법공조 등 분야는 법무부가 주관하고 있으며, 우리는 국제규범에 성실히 이행하는 정도의 협력이 필요

- 부패의 예방을 위한 정책분야에서 우리의 경험과 시책을 소개하고 개도국을 지원하는 분야에서 적극적 활동 가능

※ 그 간의 기술 및 자료 축적의 결과로 개도국 지원을 위한 인프라를 어느 정도 구축한 상황

- 국제적 평가에서 문제점으로 지적되고 있는 기업의 윤리경영, 기업회계의 투명성, 정부정책 및 계약의 투명성 분야는 [국가 경쟁력 제고]의 관점에서 정부 유관기관과의 협력을 통하여  문제해결에 적극적인 노력이 필요하다고 봄(E)

<별첨: 발제자료>

Role of anti-corruption agencies in boosting up administrative reform

Hong Hyun-sun

Standing Commissioner

Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission of  Korea

1. The relationship between administrative reform and  anti-corruption

□ The ultimate goal of administrative reform, as ever, is summarized as 'improving government competitiveness,' 'increasing people's quality of life,' 'serving social justice.'

- As a means to realize the goal, effectiveness, efficiency, democratism, transparency and legitimacy have been put forward. Approaches and activities designed to enhance transparency, legitimacy, effectiveness, eventually lead to solving corruption problems, and vice versa. In other words, administrative reform and anti-corruption are likened to twin engines of national development in that a single engine cannot produce desired thrust.

□ In cases where the cause of corruption is attributable to social structure and administrative institutions, a close linkage between administrative reform and anti-corruption efforts needs to be maintained in the process of national policy implementation. On the other hand, administrative reform and anti-corruption policies for national development take different forms according to administrative goals and circumstances. Therefore, the key development strategy is to push for relevant policies reflecting varying conditions and circumstances.

- Korea is no exception to this. We have been going through various developmental stages since the 1960s; development, democratization, economic opening, and transformation for advancement. We put in place different policies for administrative reform and anti-corruption efforts.

- No matter what country we take a look at, some aspects of policies during development era have something in common and others countries can learn from Korea's experience. So here I would like to talk about Korea's anti-corruption policies of different developmental stages, but in order to be in line with today's theme, the focus of my speech is on the role of anti-corruption agencies for administrative reform.

2. anti-corruption policies of different developmental stages

2-1. stage 1: development (1960~1992)

< Administrative Circumstances >

□ During development stage from the 1960s to the mid 1980s, Korea adopted the so called 'government-led' development policies in order to make the most of limited resources and capital it had and to put spurs to national development.

□ During the period national development plan was pushed in a consistent manner by super agencies such as Economic Planning Board in charge of setting economic development plan and coordinating policies from relevant agencies, and the Ministry of Interior in charge of overseeing local administration.

<Corruption Situation>

□ Thanks to the government-led development policies, Korea achieved rapid economic development in a short period of time. On the other hand, fast economic development came at a price. Corruption-prone government structure and administrative institution across the board were formed as byproduct of economic development.

- In the field of administrative affairs, a series of support measures for strategic industries were implemented and complicated regulations and obscure administrative processes were forged for the support measures,

- In the field of business, corporate management was

dependent on government support and corporate accounting was not transparent because of excessive illegal political donation

- In the field of politics, political parties were dependent on illegal political funds and politicians colluded with business people

<Corruption-prone structure formed during the 70s to 80s development stage>

sector	Development Strategy	Corruption Factors
Administrative	- Government initiated economic development policies - Financial aid and tax cuts for policy support sector such as export, heavy-chemical industries - A variety of administrative regulations such as authorization and permission were implemented	- Formation of various regulations - Complicated and not-transparent process - Unfair competition
Business	- Corporate management dependent on government support - Excessive illegal political fund donation - A finger-in-every-pie style management	- Excessive debt -Non-transparent accounting and management by founding family
Politics	- High cost political structure to maintain gigantic political party - Political parity operation dependent on illegal political funds	- Formation of cozy relationship between politics and business

<Anti-corruption Policies>

□ Since back then it was difficult to get rid of corruption-prone structure and institution, the government had to depend on detection-and-punishment regime by strictly enforcing laws and regulations to battle corruption.

- By establishing special investigative organizations (say, Society Purification Commission in the 1990s), in addition to the Prosecutor's Office and the Board of Audit & Inspection, the government carried out intensive detection and punishment regime against corruption-prone areas.

- However, there was a clear limit in curbing corruption by those in power because of cozy relationship between business and politics where politicians gave preferential treatments to businesses in return for political donations from businesses.

2-2. The second stage: Democratization/ Economic Opening (1993~1997)

<Administrative Circumstances>

□ In the face of political democratization in the late 1980s and economic opening in the early 1990s, 'government-led' administrative development model encountered difficulty in meeting people's demand of democracy. Productivity was undermined because of market disturbance.

□ Hence the need for fundamental reform of national

administrative system and for a strong anti-corruption policies was raised

<Administrative Reform Policies>

□ Administrative reform in this stage was to implement basic measures to build administrative system centered on people for democratization and guarantee people's participation in administrative affairs. To this end, the following key measures were introduced

- Implementation of local government system (1995)

- Formation of Administrative Innovation Commission

- People's participation in and predictability of administrative affairs through enactment of Act on Administrative Process

- Enactment of Act on Administrative Information Disclosure

- Enactment of Act on Basic Administrative Regulation

<Anti-corruption Policies>

□ Unlike earlier detection and punishment regime,

anti-corruption policies in this stage was mainly about introducing basic tools to nip the cause of corruption in the bud. Key policies are as follows;

- Real-name financial transaction system

- Enactment of Act on the Election of Public Officials and the Prevention of Election Malpractices

- Implementation of Act on Public Official Property

Registration

2-3. The third stage: transformation (1998~2007)

<Administrative Circumstance>

□ Administrative reform and anti-corruption policies in the 1990s were focused on building institutional framework but stopped short of addressing existing corrupt practices.

- This is not only because generally it takes a considerable time to change general practice after a new corrective system is introduced, but also because it is difficult to produce reform results without building technical system that induces improvement in general practices.

- Still many regulations remained in each administrative organization and collusion between politics and business persisted

- Little progress in reforms ended up causing the financial crisis in late 1997. After realizing that old administrative system did not work in a changed environment, resulting in the financial crisis, the government carried out government reform including administrative renovation and anti-corruption policies in an attempt to regain national competitiveness.

<Administrative Reform Policies>

□ After the crisis the government was downsized and

corporate management strategies were introduced in government administration but administrative reform in a true sense started from 2003 when Korea overcame the financial crisis. A 5-year administrative reform by the Korean government that started from 2003 was aimed at realizing 'small but efficient government,' and had 3 goals of 'government restructuring,' 'operating system reform,' 'perception reform.'

- Government restructuring was about changing the size and role of the government and carried out to reduce government size, privatize and outsource to the private sector, cut back on workforce and deregulate.

- For operating system reform, annual salary system,

expansion of open recruitment, responsible operation agency system, budget system on merit were introduced

- For perception reform, clean government, transparent and fair administration, serving civil servant were pushed for

□ These are divided into efficient administration, serving

administration, transparent administration, harmonious administration, and clean administration by their nature. The contents of each reform are shown in the following table

□ In order to effectively push for these policies, the

government performed systemic administrative reform by founding 'Presidential Commission on Government Innovation' in 2003.

<2003~2007 Korea's Administrative Reform>

Sector	Reform
Efficient Administrative Affairs	ㅇ Formation of national evaluation infrastructure ㅇ Improvement of ways of work through work re-design ㅇ Redesign of government organization, construction of inter-ministerial system for policy coordination ㅇ Design of independent government organization
Serving Administration	ㅇ Standard in administrative service ㅇ Capacity improvement of frontline government agencies ㅇ Improvement in administrative service commission to private sector ㅇ Improvement in handling of complaints
Transparent administration	ㅇ Expansion in administrative openness - Improvements in disclosure of information - Real-name policy ㅇ Improvement in administrative transparency - Expansion of internet-based complaint service - Reinforcement in administrative transparency
Harmonious Administration	ㅇ Activation of policy community ㅇ Introduction of professional ombudsman system ㅇ Construction of infrastructure for voluntary activities ㅇ Improvements in environment for civic group participation
Clean Administration	ㅇ Improvements in irregularity-inducing structure ㅇ Preparation of anti-corruption measures in different sectors ㅇ Betterment of code of conduct ㅇ Improvements in public official ethics system

<Anti-corruption Policy>

□ Back then the Korean government focused on establishing anti-corruption organizations and pushing for systemic anti-corruption policies. Besides, anti-corruption and administrative policies were driven forward in tandem with each other.

□ As an anti-corruption system

- Enactment of anti-corruption acts and establishment of Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption

- Enactment of anti-money laundering acts

- Establishment of Financial Intelligence Unit

□ To synthetically promote anti-corruption policies

- Formation and operation of anti-corruption agencies

meeting

- Formulation and implementation of national-level

anti-corruption policies

- Formation of improvement system for laws and

administrative regimes that induce corruption

- Evaluation of anti-corruption policies by all public

organizations

□ The government sought synergy effect in national

administrative system by harmonizing anti-corruption policies with administrative reform programs

3. The role of anti-corruption agency for administrative reform  (since 2003)

3-1. The nature and function of anti-corruption agency

□ As mentioned above, the Korean government recognized the need to reform bureaucratic administrative system and corruption-prone social structure formed during development era. Therefore Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption established in 2002 was equipped with functions to tackle these problems.

□ Accordingly, the function of Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption was focused on improving corruption-prone structure, making it possible for the Commission to comprehensively carry out anti-corruption functions from making anti-corruption policies, to improving corruption-prone structure, to establishing public servant’s ethics, to receiving corruption reports to protecting & awarding whistle blowers, to anti-corruption education & promotion.

<The Functions of KICAC>

- Making and implementing anti-corruption policies

- Recommending institutional improvements to public

organizations to prevent corruption

- Investigating and evaluating public organizations’

anti-corruption efforts

- Planning and implementing anti-corruption education promotion

- Receiving and handling of corruption cases

- Protecting and rewarding whistle blowers

-Implementing and operating pubic official’s code of conduct

□ As part of efforts for inter-governmental anti-corruption cooperation, KICAC has been given a mandate to make national anti-corruption policies, and to evaluate and coordinate anti-corruption policies of different government organizations.

□ Through cooperation with Government Innovation

Commission that leads administrative reform in government, KICAC maintained mutual cooperation system by adding anti-corruption policies to administrative reform efforts.

3-2. Formation and Operation of anti-corruption system

As an effective anti-corruption strategy, the Korean government built anti-corruption system that includes anti-corruption agencies meeting, formation of national anti-corruption plan, evaluation of improvements in corruption-prone structure and anti-corruption policies.

(1) Operation of anti-corruption agencies meeting

The meeting, presided over by the president and participated by anti-corruption related organizations pushes for anti-corruption policies by setting and coordinating government-level anti-corruption policies

- Function: Formation and operation of government-level

anti-corruption policies

- Composition: President, KICAC, the Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Board of Audit and Inspection, Financial Supervisory Commission, Fair Trade Commission, the Ministry of Finance and Economy, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, National Tax Service, National Policy Agency

<Measures taken in anti-corruption organization meeting

(February 2004~September 2007) -73 tasks in 6 sectors-

Sector	Key tasks
Construction of anti-corruption basis(10 tasks)	Construction of comprehensive information system, plans to operate corruption assesment system, introduction of corruption impact assessment system
Political reforms(5)	measures for permitting heads of municipalities to make donation, measures to block illegal political funding, ways to enhance fairness and transparency in private elections
Institutional improvement in corruption-prone areas(16)	Improvements in national defense acquisition operating system, countermeasures for local re-development/ re-construction irregularities, ways to improve tax investigation, improvements in pharmaceutical distribution irregularities
Improvement in public official's ethics(13)	Reinforcement in examination of property registration, improvements in retired officials' employment restriction, expansion of code of conduct implementation
Improvement in corporate transparency(10)	corporate transparency improvement, reinforcement in corporate accounting supervision, improvements in public corporation personnel system, measures for improving accounting irregularities in small and medium companies
Establishment of anti-society atmosphere(17)	introduction of resident lawsuit, ways to get rid of influence peddling, improvements in corruption-inducing culture including paternalism

(2) Formation and operation of anti-corruption plans

□ Every year KICAC formed national anti-corruption plans the government should push forward. The plan included ones that each agency should jointly push for, and ones that each agency jointly promote

- The plans were decided through anti-corruption agencies meeting, and passed on to all agencies guidelines, according to which each agency had to set anti-corruption policies

- KICAC received comprehensive annual results by each agency and made public the results

Sector	Contents
corruption prevention	- Improvements in audit personnel - Work process analysis, detection of weak points in corruption-prone areas and institution improvement
Corruption control after the fact	- Improvement in self-investigation quality - Prevention of collusion between watchdog and target organizations - Harsh punishment of corrupt individuals - Establishment of administrative monitering system with clients
Improvements public official's ethics and attitude	- Implementation of code of conduct and improvement in implementing power - Prevention of the side effects of regionalism and paternalism

<2008 Major anti-corruption guidelines>

(3) Recommendation for system improvement

□ Anti-corruption act stipulates that KICAC recommends

government agencies to improve corruption-prone structure

- If they had inevitable reasons not to accept the

recommendations, government agencies had to request

re-deliberation to KICAC, which could do so

□ The recommendations are mainly about improving

corruption-prone structure such as abolition of unnecessary or excessive regulations, reinforcement of transparency and accountability in administrative procedures, introduction of fair competition and check and balance system for anti-corruption

□ Process of institutional improvement Institutional improvement, the key tool for anti-corruption and administrative system reform, was being pushed for by KICAC and government agencies with KICAC taking the lead

- Key tasks: issues related to many agencies or chronic and

systemic corruption (KICAC)

- Common tasks: issues common to all government agencies and should be resolved by the central administrative agency (relevant agencies)

- Individual tasks: institutional improvement issues that all agencies tried to solve voluntarily (individual agencies)

<2006 Institutional Improvement Tasks>

	Areas of tasks and name of tasks	organization in charge
Key tasks(5 areas)	Improvements in tax investigation process Improvements of standards in construction contract Improvements of transparency in guidance and enforcement administration and of resident participation Improvements of fairness in personnel committee of public corporations Prevention of rebates in import logistics	KICAC
Common tasks (24 tasks)	<Public official's ethics> Introduction of blind trust Reinforcement in public official's property examination Expansion of code of conduct Restriction of corrupt individuals from becoming public official Consideration of enactment of lobbying	KICAC Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs/ of Justice
	<Improvements in administrative transparency> Expansion of real-name administration Introduction of administrative information disclosure Decrease in the target of administrative information non-disclosure Embodiment of e-government such as online system for public complaint	Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs
	<Improvement in administration and accountability> Introduction of residential recall	Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs
	<Reinforcement in punishment> Preparation of disciplinary punishment standards Expansion of compensation, range and introduction of reward system	Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs KICAC
	Anti-corruption civic cooperation Restriction of corruption company from government contract	KICAC Ministry of Finance and Economy

(4) Introduction of corruption impact assessment system

□ This system was designed to recommend improvement of corruption-prone factors in the related laws and regulations in advance if there is any such factors in the process of enactment and revision of law and regulations

□ The target of the assessment system is all laws, Presidential decrees, rules of each government agency and bylaws of municipalities

※The corruption assessment system is similar to institutional improvement recommendation system but different in that it is a control tool before the fact for laws and regulations that may cause corruption where as institutional improvement recommendation system was for the existing laws and regulations, and institutions that have already caused corruption

(5) Introduction of administrative transparency and integrity assessment system

□ By assessing integrity of government agencies and making public the results, integrity assessment system encourages government agencies to voluntarily make efforts to improve their integrity and improves overall integrity and

transparency in administrative affairs

- This assessment is carried out in the form of telephone interview on those who have filed complaint against government agencies

- This assessment is a comprehensive one on the

experience of bribing, transparency of administrative system and forms of corruption by public officials

<Contents of Integrity Assessment System>

	Contents
Corruption experience	Provision of money and entertainment
Corruption-inducing structure	Adequacy of administrative procedure, level of information disclosure
Behavior of public officials	Anticipation of bribery
Corruption control system	Level of anti-corruption efforts, possibility of filing objection

□ Administrative transparency and accountability in the

assessment will be reinforced

<Trend of Integrity Index of Public Organization >

□ Encouraging all government agencies to voluntarily provide kind and fair administrative services by measuring how satisfied citizens are with the results.

4. Major anti-corruption programs for administrative reform

(1) Regulatory reforms

□ Legal basis: basic law on administrative regulation (1997)

□ Foundation of the Commission: Regulatory Reform

Committee was founded with the Prime Minister and private chairman as co-chairmen and private commissioners and government commissioners

□ Contents of regulatory reform: abolition of unnecessary or excessive regulations that disrupt economic activities and people's livelihood

□ Results of regulatory reform

- From 1998 to 2003 in the first round of intensive

regulatory reform, 5,958 of 11,125 regulations were lifted (53.6%) and 2,981 were revised for better.

- Regulatory reform continues afterwards

(2) Administrative information disclosure system

□ Legislation: law on disclosure of information of public organizations

□ Contents of information disclosure: with more than certain number of application by the public, all public information except for information barred from being disclosed such as information on national security, individual's privacy, and operating secret of corporations

□ Information Disclosure Deliberation Committee: a committee composed of private commissioners from each organization deliberates on what is  requested

□ Announcement of administrative information: without quest, administrative bodies should release following information

- Information that has significant impact on the people's life

- Information on large-scale projects that require government fund

- Research report that is produced while major policies such as national tasks or core tasks are carried out

-Various results or statistics needed for administrative monitoring

(3) Online system for transparent civil affaris administration

□ the background of the introduction of online public complaint handling system: it was introduced to the Korean government across the board in the 1990s because it was efficient in that people can get their administrative grievances addressed in a short period of time and at the same time it had anti-corruption element such as information disclosure and prevention of people contact.

□ The online system carries out the following function

- Reception of public complaints online

- Issuance of official documents online

- The whole process of handling grievances aired through the Internet

□ Today most administrative affairs filed with public organizations are  addressed online

<Major Civil Affairs Administration Handling Online System >

Name	Major Task	Organization
OPEN	- Citizens can see the whole process of their complaint handled: from receipt, review, results, future process	Seoul City
G4C	- Public complaint filing information and handling via Internet - Utilization of administrative information closely linked to people's livelihood by the general public	The Ministry of Public Administration and Safety
G2B	- Bidding information of public organization is posted on its web site - Procurement bidding process is available online	Public Procurement Service
HTS	- Online tax filing, notification, payment - Online public complaint settlement - Online handling of tax information	National Tax Service
KIPO	- Online process of patent complaints from filing to result notification - Patent information and tailored tech information	Korea Intellectual Property Office
4 Major Insurance Information Connection System	- By visiting web sight or physically visiting one of 4 insurance corporations, citizens can get one-stop service of 4 major insurance corporations	The Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs, Ministry of Labor
Conscription Administration Information System	- 47 pieces of MMA information such as date of joining military service, name of military unit, schedule of military medical checkup, result of conscription are available	Military Manpwer Administration

(4) Public official's ethics

□ Code of ethics for public officials (Anti-corruption Act and implementation ordinances)

- Avoidance of works that induce conflict of interest

- Prohibition of concessions, arbitration, influence peddling by       public officials

- Prohibition of giving and receiving money, gifts, entertainment

- Prohibition of utilization of information from work

- Prohibition of illegal use of budget

□ Blind stock trust (act on public official's ethics)

When public officials have stocks more than certain amount, stocks should be sold off or they should be put in the custody of trust organization

- Preventing high ranking officials from trading stocks by taking advantage of information from their work or from influencing and increasing their assets

□ Restricting public officials from getting a job (act on public official's ethics, anti-corruption act)

- Until after 2 years of retirement, public officials are barred from getting a job that is closely related to the job he held for 3 years before his retirement

- If public officials are dismissed for irregularities, for 5 years they are barred from landing a job that is closely related to the job they held for 3 years before their dismissal

5. ACRC: integrated function of anti-corruption and civil rights protection

□ As part of its drive for small and efficient government, the current government, launched on Feb. 25th 2008, has integrated similar government functions and re-organized the government in a way that strengthens linkage of works

- As part of this policy, Korea Independent Commission

Against Corruption, the Ombudsman of Korea and Administrative Appeals Commission were consolidated to make way for Anti-corruption and Civil Rights' Commission on Feb. 29th 2008.

- It can be said that by consolidating ombudsman and anti-corruption profile into Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Lee Myng-bak government seeks a model that puts administrative  improvement and anti-corruption efforts together.

6. Conclusion

□ Inter-dependence and independence of anti-corruption policies in Korea

- In policy direction, Korea’s anti-corruption policies driven in conjunction with administrative reform, and in specific measures, they are driven with independency.

□ anti-corruption policies at different stages

- First stage: implementation of detection and punishment policies in the development era

- Second stage: introduction of basic anti-corruption institutions

- Third stage: enactment of anti-corruption laws and

foundation of anti-corruption organizations

- Fourth stage: construction of anti-corruption system and operation

□ Direction of anti-corruption policies in the future

- Building on the existing anti-corruption system, the Korean government will eliminate any possibility of corruption by driving forward policies for administrative transparency and accountability,

- By doing so, the Korean government will attain 2 goals of

enhancing administrative productivity and integrity at the same time.

Thank you for listening